Working Thesis:
Although most people do not know what calcifying marine organisms are or how they are being adversely affected by ocean acidification, it is a problem that will affect the global community as a whole because these organisms directly impact the commercial fishing industry, because some calcifying marine organisms help to regulate the temperature of the earth, and because they help to create one of the most bio-diverse habitats within the ocean.
Annotated Bibliography:
Although most people do not know what calcifying marine organisms are or how they are being adversely affected by ocean acidification, it is a problem that will affect the global community as a whole because these organisms directly impact the commercial fishing industry, because some calcifying marine organisms help to regulate the temperature of the earth, and because they help to create one of the most bio-diverse habitats within the ocean.
Annotated Bibliography:
National Center For Atmospheric Research (2006, July 5). Report Warns About Carbon Dioxide Threats To Marine Life. Science Daily. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060705083057.htm
Joan Kleypas, the lead author of the cited report as well as a scientist for the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), reports about the effects of carbon dioxide on marine organisms. The report directly relates to the stated thesis topic and will give authoritative voice to the argument being presented. One of the points Kleypas (2006) brings up within the report is that “…cold-water reefs, which are extensive structures that provide habitat for many important fish species, particularly in the coastal waters of Alaska…” (National Center For Atmospheric Research, 2006) are one of the prime candidates for degradation resulting from increased carbon dioxide levels.
United States Geologic Survey (2007, January / February). Discovering the Effects of CO2 Levels on Marine Life and Global Climate. Sound Waves. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2007/01/
In the article entitled, “Discovering the Effects of CO2 Levels on Marine Life and Global Climate,” published in the monthly newsletter Sound Waves, by the United States Geologic Survey (USGS), author Kate Bradshaw describes some of the various experiments that are currently being conducted by different organizations including the USGS to study the topic of ocean acidification and increased carbon dioxide levels. The experiments are being conducted in various marine locations and are showing some very interesting results, including current “CO2 thresholds” and predicted “CO2 thresholds.” Bradshaw states that, “These thresholds are the amount of CO2 that needs to be present before the rates at which sediments are dissolving exceed the rates at which calcifying marine organisms produce the calcium carbonate needed to make shells or skeletons” (United States Geologic Survey, 2007).
Burns, W.C.G. (2008). Ocean Acidification: A Greater Threat than Global Warming and Overfishing? Terrain.org, 21. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from http://www.terrain.org/articles/21/burns.htm
Dr. William C.G. Burns, co-chair of the American Society of International Law’s International Environmental Law Group and editor-in-chief of the Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, writes in the article, “Ocean Acidification: A Greater Threat than Global Warming and Overfishing?” (Burns, 2008) about the overall problem of ocean acidification and puts some of the harder concepts into simpler terms that a more generalized audience can understand. The article should provide valuable information relating to the general topic of ocean acidification as well as make the more technical terms and concepts easier to relate to a general audience.
Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J.F., et. al. (2008). A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems [Electronic Version]. Science, 319(5865), 948-952.
On February 15, 2008 the journal Science released a collaborative report titled, “A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems.” The report is cited in many other sources and seems to have been highly anticipated as one of the more up to date and in-depth studies of the effects of human activity upon the marine environments of the earth. The report is quite technical and requires other less technical sources in order to clarify a lot of the technical scientific data presented, however it provides a very in-depth look at the impacts humans are having upon the oceans of the world; it provides directly related information to support the impacts of ocean acidification upon calcifying marine organisms.
Bibby, R., Cleall-Harding, P., Rundle, S., Widdicombe, S., & Spicer, J. (2007). Ocean acidification disrupts induced defences [sic] in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. Biology Letters, 3(6), 699-701. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts database.
The article, “Ocean acidification disrupts induced defences [sic] in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea,” is a report covering some of the less direct impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying marine organisms. It goes into detail describing some of the behavioral changes that have been viewed in lab tests of organisms that have been affected by ocean acidification, including, “…increasing their avoidance behaviour [sic], which, in turn, could affect their interactions with other organisms” (Bibby, R., Cleall-Harding, P., Rundle, S., Widdicombe, S., & Spicer, J., 2007).
Riebesell, U, Schulz, K.G., Bellerby, R.G.J., Botros, M., Fritsche, P., Meyerhoefer, M., et. al. (2007). Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO sub(2) ocean. Nature, 450(7169), 545-548. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts database.
The report addresses data collected from a case-study of plankton subjected to controlled acidification levels. The data obtained, combined with the data of several other reports already cited within this bibliography should help to draw a good hypothesis as to the impacts that carbon dioxide levels and ocean acidification will have upon the calcifying marine organisms of the world. This data combined with the overlying effects that a degradation in calcifying marine organism populations will have will constitute the body of the research paper that has been proposed.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Mumby, P.J., Hooten, A.J., Steneck, R.S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., et. al. (2007). Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science (Washington), 318(5857), 1737-1742. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt database.
The report cited is a general assessment of the impacts that ocean acidification is having upon coral reef systems, as well as some projected impacts that will affect the overall population of coral reefs worldwide. The article does not seem to focus on the results of the fewer reefs, however it does address the fact that reefs are being affected and talks about how and why they are being affected. The information within this report should be combined with some information outlining the resulting effects of having less reefs within the oceans of the world in order to be used the best for the purposes of the proposed research paper.
Kroglund, F., Finstad, B., Stefanson, S.O., Nilsen, T.O., Kristensen, T., Rosseland, B.O., Teien, H.C., et. al. (2007). Exposure to moderate acid water and aluminum reduces Atlantic salmon post-smolt survival. Aquaculture, 273(2-3), 360-373. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt database.
This article published in Aquaculture is not directly related to calcifying marine organisms; however it is very interesting since it talks about the impact of ocean acidification upon the population of Atlantic salmon. The implications of the information given in this article could have direct results on Alaska and since that is the geographic region where this research paper will be published there is the possibility of using a bit of the information contained within this article as a side-bar to the main topic of ocean acidification and calcifying marine organisms which will be the main emphasis of the proposed research paper.
Persselin, S. (2007). Kodiak Laboratory: Shellfish Assessment Program. National Oceanic and Atomospheric Administration - Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved 25 February, 2008, from http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Quarterly/amj2007/divrptsRACE10.htm
The article, “Kodiak Laboratory: Shellfish Assessment Program” addresses some very valuable information for the purpose of the proposed research paper; it addresses the impact of ocean acidification upon different species of marine life that are important to the commercial fishing industry. These findings include the fact that, although little research has been done on the effects of ocean acidification on King Crabs, it will affect, “commercially valuable king and snow crabs” (Persselin, 2007). This article will prove very valuable in linking several points within the research project and to show that the effects of ocean acidification will in fact impact the commercial fishing industry in a negative way.
Bettwy, M. (2005). NASA Satellite Data Capture a Big Climate Effect on Tiny Ocean Life. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/plankton_elnino.html
This article talks about the effects of ocean acidification on marine phytoplankton, a calcifying marine organism, which in effect creates a nasty cycle. Phytoplankton is responsible for absorbing, “…half of the carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, absorbed annually from the atmosphere by plants” (Bettwy, 2005), according to the article, and it so happens that an overabundance of carbon dioxide in the oceans waters is what is causing ocean acidification, which in effect is having negative impacts on the phytoplankton itself, therefore causing a bad cycle of events. If the phytoplankton in the oceans is reduced then there will be less carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans safely, thus increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, in effect causing the earths temperature to rise dramatically.
Maoz, F., & Tchernov, D. (2007). Scleractinian Coral Species Survive and Recover from Decalcification. Science (Washington), 315(5820), 30. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Oceanic Abstracts database.
This article provides information contrary to the belief that coral reefs will undergo damage that will be irrepairable; instead this article provide data that supports the claim that coral reefs will be able to function and reproduce without the calcifying shells that normally support them. Maoz and Tchernov believe that coral reefs will eventually fully recover from the effects of ocean acidification once the ocean ph levels once again return to normal. This information may prove valuable in helping to establish a counter-argument to the main topic of the research paper being proposed.
Murray, J., Wheeler, A.J., & Freiwald, A. (2006). Reefs of the deep: the biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science (New York, N.Y.), 312(5773), 543-547. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from MEDLINE database.
This article is a look at the fact that coral reefs are widely viewed as a warm water marine organism, however deep water exploration has shown that coral reefs are much more widespread than once believed. They have been found within the deep ocean, as well as within the cold-water regions of the ocean. The article also explains some of the reasons that coral reefs are important as an incredibly diverse marine habitat which is being threatened by ocean acidification.
Dybas, C.L. (2006). On a collision course: ocean plankton and climate change. BioScience, 56(8), 642-646. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from CAB Direct database (20063146679).
This article talks about plankton and the effects that a warming climate is having on it. It also relates this to ocean acidification and the implications that it has on the climate as a whole; “…the long-term survival of many marine species” (Dybas, 2006), according to the article. This article relates directly to the northern climates and the effects of ocean acidification and a warming climate upon the oceans of the Northern latitudes.
House, K.Z., House, C.H., Schrag, D.P., & Aziz, M.J. (2007). Electrochemical acceleration of chemical weathering as an energetically feasible approach to mitigating anthropogenic climate change. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(24), 8464-8470. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from CAB Direct database (20083033479).
This article, other than being quite technical, seems to be one of only a few that addresses any form of solving the problem of ocean acidification, other than the most apparent solution that is, which would be to emit less carbon dioxide into the air. None the less, this article addresses a possible mitigation to ocean acidification using an electrochemical process. It is very interesting and can possibly be used within the proposed research paper as a sort of alternative solution to the given problem of ocean acidification.
Gattuso, J.P. (2008). Ocean Acidification. Retrieved 25 February 25, 2008, from http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/
Senior research scientist Jean-Pierre Gattuso of the University of Paris, France discusses a multitude of points associated with ocean acidification on his weblog, “Ocean Accidification.” This seems to be a very valuable resource in finding up to date information about the ongoing issue of ocean acidification and its effects upon the oceans and marine organisms of the world.
In the article entitled, “Discovering the Effects of CO2 Levels on Marine Life and Global Climate,” published in the monthly newsletter Sound Waves, by the United States Geologic Survey (USGS), author Kate Bradshaw describes some of the various experiments that are currently being conducted by different organizations including the USGS to study the topic of ocean acidification and increased carbon dioxide levels. The experiments are being conducted in various marine locations and are showing some very interesting results, including current “CO2 thresholds” and predicted “CO2 thresholds.” Bradshaw states that, “These thresholds are the amount of CO2 that needs to be present before the rates at which sediments are dissolving exceed the rates at which calcifying marine organisms produce the calcium carbonate needed to make shells or skeletons” (United States Geologic Survey, 2007).
Burns, W.C.G. (2008). Ocean Acidification: A Greater Threat than Global Warming and Overfishing? Terrain.org, 21. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from http://www.terrain.org/articles/21/burns.htm
Dr. William C.G. Burns, co-chair of the American Society of International Law’s International Environmental Law Group and editor-in-chief of the Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, writes in the article, “Ocean Acidification: A Greater Threat than Global Warming and Overfishing?” (Burns, 2008) about the overall problem of ocean acidification and puts some of the harder concepts into simpler terms that a more generalized audience can understand. The article should provide valuable information relating to the general topic of ocean acidification as well as make the more technical terms and concepts easier to relate to a general audience.
Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J.F., et. al. (2008). A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems [Electronic Version]. Science, 319(5865), 948-952.
On February 15, 2008 the journal Science released a collaborative report titled, “A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems.” The report is cited in many other sources and seems to have been highly anticipated as one of the more up to date and in-depth studies of the effects of human activity upon the marine environments of the earth. The report is quite technical and requires other less technical sources in order to clarify a lot of the technical scientific data presented, however it provides a very in-depth look at the impacts humans are having upon the oceans of the world; it provides directly related information to support the impacts of ocean acidification upon calcifying marine organisms.
Bibby, R., Cleall-Harding, P., Rundle, S., Widdicombe, S., & Spicer, J. (2007). Ocean acidification disrupts induced defences [sic] in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. Biology Letters, 3(6), 699-701. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts database.
The article, “Ocean acidification disrupts induced defences [sic] in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea,” is a report covering some of the less direct impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying marine organisms. It goes into detail describing some of the behavioral changes that have been viewed in lab tests of organisms that have been affected by ocean acidification, including, “…increasing their avoidance behaviour [sic], which, in turn, could affect their interactions with other organisms” (Bibby, R., Cleall-Harding, P., Rundle, S., Widdicombe, S., & Spicer, J., 2007).
Riebesell, U, Schulz, K.G., Bellerby, R.G.J., Botros, M., Fritsche, P., Meyerhoefer, M., et. al. (2007). Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO sub(2) ocean. Nature, 450(7169), 545-548. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts database.
The report addresses data collected from a case-study of plankton subjected to controlled acidification levels. The data obtained, combined with the data of several other reports already cited within this bibliography should help to draw a good hypothesis as to the impacts that carbon dioxide levels and ocean acidification will have upon the calcifying marine organisms of the world. This data combined with the overlying effects that a degradation in calcifying marine organism populations will have will constitute the body of the research paper that has been proposed.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Mumby, P.J., Hooten, A.J., Steneck, R.S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., et. al. (2007). Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science (Washington), 318(5857), 1737-1742. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt database.
The report cited is a general assessment of the impacts that ocean acidification is having upon coral reef systems, as well as some projected impacts that will affect the overall population of coral reefs worldwide. The article does not seem to focus on the results of the fewer reefs, however it does address the fact that reefs are being affected and talks about how and why they are being affected. The information within this report should be combined with some information outlining the resulting effects of having less reefs within the oceans of the world in order to be used the best for the purposes of the proposed research paper.
Kroglund, F., Finstad, B., Stefanson, S.O., Nilsen, T.O., Kristensen, T., Rosseland, B.O., Teien, H.C., et. al. (2007). Exposure to moderate acid water and aluminum reduces Atlantic salmon post-smolt survival. Aquaculture, 273(2-3), 360-373. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt database.
This article published in Aquaculture is not directly related to calcifying marine organisms; however it is very interesting since it talks about the impact of ocean acidification upon the population of Atlantic salmon. The implications of the information given in this article could have direct results on Alaska and since that is the geographic region where this research paper will be published there is the possibility of using a bit of the information contained within this article as a side-bar to the main topic of ocean acidification and calcifying marine organisms which will be the main emphasis of the proposed research paper.
Persselin, S. (2007). Kodiak Laboratory: Shellfish Assessment Program. National Oceanic and Atomospheric Administration - Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved 25 February, 2008, from http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Quarterly/amj2007/divrptsRACE10.htm
The article, “Kodiak Laboratory: Shellfish Assessment Program” addresses some very valuable information for the purpose of the proposed research paper; it addresses the impact of ocean acidification upon different species of marine life that are important to the commercial fishing industry. These findings include the fact that, although little research has been done on the effects of ocean acidification on King Crabs, it will affect, “commercially valuable king and snow crabs” (Persselin, 2007). This article will prove very valuable in linking several points within the research project and to show that the effects of ocean acidification will in fact impact the commercial fishing industry in a negative way.
Bettwy, M. (2005). NASA Satellite Data Capture a Big Climate Effect on Tiny Ocean Life. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/plankton_elnino.html
This article talks about the effects of ocean acidification on marine phytoplankton, a calcifying marine organism, which in effect creates a nasty cycle. Phytoplankton is responsible for absorbing, “…half of the carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, absorbed annually from the atmosphere by plants” (Bettwy, 2005), according to the article, and it so happens that an overabundance of carbon dioxide in the oceans waters is what is causing ocean acidification, which in effect is having negative impacts on the phytoplankton itself, therefore causing a bad cycle of events. If the phytoplankton in the oceans is reduced then there will be less carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans safely, thus increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, in effect causing the earths temperature to rise dramatically.
Maoz, F., & Tchernov, D. (2007). Scleractinian Coral Species Survive and Recover from Decalcification. Science (Washington), 315(5820), 30. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Oceanic Abstracts database.
This article provides information contrary to the belief that coral reefs will undergo damage that will be irrepairable; instead this article provide data that supports the claim that coral reefs will be able to function and reproduce without the calcifying shells that normally support them. Maoz and Tchernov believe that coral reefs will eventually fully recover from the effects of ocean acidification once the ocean ph levels once again return to normal. This information may prove valuable in helping to establish a counter-argument to the main topic of the research paper being proposed.
Murray, J., Wheeler, A.J., & Freiwald, A. (2006). Reefs of the deep: the biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science (New York, N.Y.), 312(5773), 543-547. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from MEDLINE database.
This article is a look at the fact that coral reefs are widely viewed as a warm water marine organism, however deep water exploration has shown that coral reefs are much more widespread than once believed. They have been found within the deep ocean, as well as within the cold-water regions of the ocean. The article also explains some of the reasons that coral reefs are important as an incredibly diverse marine habitat which is being threatened by ocean acidification.
Dybas, C.L. (2006). On a collision course: ocean plankton and climate change. BioScience, 56(8), 642-646. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from CAB Direct database (20063146679).
This article talks about plankton and the effects that a warming climate is having on it. It also relates this to ocean acidification and the implications that it has on the climate as a whole; “…the long-term survival of many marine species” (Dybas, 2006), according to the article. This article relates directly to the northern climates and the effects of ocean acidification and a warming climate upon the oceans of the Northern latitudes.
House, K.Z., House, C.H., Schrag, D.P., & Aziz, M.J. (2007). Electrochemical acceleration of chemical weathering as an energetically feasible approach to mitigating anthropogenic climate change. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(24), 8464-8470. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from CAB Direct database (20083033479).
This article, other than being quite technical, seems to be one of only a few that addresses any form of solving the problem of ocean acidification, other than the most apparent solution that is, which would be to emit less carbon dioxide into the air. None the less, this article addresses a possible mitigation to ocean acidification using an electrochemical process. It is very interesting and can possibly be used within the proposed research paper as a sort of alternative solution to the given problem of ocean acidification.
Gattuso, J.P. (2008). Ocean Acidification. Retrieved 25 February 25, 2008, from http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/
Senior research scientist Jean-Pierre Gattuso of the University of Paris, France discusses a multitude of points associated with ocean acidification on his weblog, “Ocean Accidification.” This seems to be a very valuable resource in finding up to date information about the ongoing issue of ocean acidification and its effects upon the oceans and marine organisms of the world.
1 comment:
There is one source that does not have a space between it and the descriptive paragraph; I tried reposting three times but I could not get the problem corrected. Hopefully this is not looked at negatively.
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